Injuries to the peripheral nerves of the upper and lower limbs can be devastating. They can lead from temporary dysfunction to permanent paralysis of the affected extremity. Occasionally these type of injuries are associated with severe pain. Surgical repair of the injured nerve may not only reverse the paralysis but also may alleviate some of the pain.

Peripheral nerve injuries can be caused by the following mechanisms which can lead to either partial or complete transection of the involved nerve:

• Stab wounds or gunshot wounds.
• Motor vehicle accidents. These are usually complex injuries involving sometimes the bones, the nerves, the muscles and vessels.
• Work related injuries. (i.e. amputations or avulsions of the arm)
• Removal of nerve tumors with residual nerve paralysis.
• Iatrogenic causes such as, inadvertent nerve injury during any type of surgery, sciatic nerve injection injuries or traction injury of the nerves of the lower extremity during sports or stabilization of fractures.

The surgical correction of these injuries usually involves exploration of the site, identification of the proximal and distal nerve ends, diagnosis of the lesion, establishing a strategy for reconstruction, going over it in detail with the patient and finally reconstruction. The surgery may be staged. If there is simultaneous vessel injury then a vascular surgeon is consulted in order to restore adequate circulation to the affected limb, so its survival is not threatened. Correction of bone fractures is essential before any attempt to correct the nerve injury is made. Therefore peripheral nerve injuries can range from simple injury limited to just the nerve, where the role of the microsurgeon is of prime importance, to complex injuries of the whole limb. In the latter cases different surgical specialties may work together to assure the salvage of the limb.

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